Reactive oxygen species in cardiovascular diseases: an update

Cardiovascular diseases are among the leading causes of death worldwide, imposing major health threats. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) one most important products from process redox reactions. In onset and progression cardiovascular diseases, ROS believed to heavily influence homeostasis lipids, proteins, DNA, mitochondria, energy metabolism. As production increases, heart is damaged, further ROS. The vicious cycle continues on as additional generated. For example, recent evidence indicated that connexin 43 (Cx43) deficiency pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) activation led a loss protection in cardiomyocytes. this context, better understanding mechanisms behind vital determining effective treatment management strategies for diseases.